Political Killings in Kerala - The Hindu (27.02.18)

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Life in a deadly democracy (27.02.18)

Yet another murder involving India’s political parties has taken place in north Kerala but this time it is different. It does not follow the pattern that we have got used to. The parties involved are not the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). A Youth Congress leader, S.P. Shuhaib, was killed recently, and the police have identified the killers who surrendered as CPI(M) workers. It is reported in the State’s leading newspapers that one of them confessed that the district leadership of their party was not merely in the know of it but had actually instigated the action. While we cannot be sure of the veracity of this statement, it is believable. A minister in the State cabinet is on record that in the 1980s, the leadership of his district in south Kerala had discussed the elimination of political rivals.

Political vendetta

In a history of violence in Kannur district, the CPI(M) has lost many of its workers to killings by the RSS. This removes credibility from the claims of the Bharatiya Janata Party that the RSS is a victim of violence in Kerala; it is actually a perpetrator and not only deserves no sympathy but also its actions should be called out. The nation knows of its commitment to violence, evident in the assassination of Gandhi. However, I am here concerned about the situation in Kerala today. Here and now the promise of power for the RSS, through its proxy the BJP, is no more than a glint in the eye of Amit Shah.

The CPI(M) however is a major player on the political stage of the State and its actions must be viewed sharply. By now this party’s workers stand accused of killing widely across the political spectrum. Apart from this most recent killing of a young Congressman, its members are accused of the killing, in 2012, of T.P. Chandrasekharan, a former comrade who left the fold to form the Revolutionary Marxist Party (RMP), and of Muhammad Aslam of the Indian Union Muslim League, in 2016. The fig leaf of secularism, or more so of “fighting communal forces”, does not hold up as it would be difficult to argue that party workers of the Congress or the RMP are communal in any way. These murders are to be seen for what they are, a form of political vendetta and nothing more inspired. Unlike the Maoists who do not believe in parliamentary democracy, the CPI(M), while decrying Indian democracy as bourgeois, is happy to partake of the loaves and fishes of office. A reminder that the violence unleashed by those with access to state power has little to do with some lofty ideal came recently when a gang of men assaulted a pregnant woman over a property dispute in Kozhikode district. The woman was so bodily harmed that she lost her child. Press reports are that seven Left activists have been arrested, including a local-level CPI(M) leader.

Going a little deeper into the so-called political violence in Kerala, we are able to see a frightful pattern. Frightful not in terms of the violence, which is brutal even at the surface, but in terms of the class element clinging to it. In almost all cases the actual killing is undertaken by young men of the working classes while the party leadership rests with a class that does not soil its hands with labour of any kind. At the national level, so-called intellectuals lead the CPI(M) while its rank and file are of the subaltern class. It is members of this underclass that cannot hope to ever lead the party who find themselves in the frontline of the assault against opponents named ‘class enemies’. The leadership in Kerala is seen not just as property-owning but perceptibly rich. They are distinctly bourgeois also in the sense of advancing the career of their offspring. On the other hand, it is unlikely that the young men who commit murder in the name of a political ideology that they very likely do not comprehend will ever own as much.

It is this social distance that makes the situation approximate feudalism as it is understood. Under feudalism the lord owned the land which was farmed out to peasants who not only paid taxes for the privilege of cultivating it but also had to bear arms for their lord in the event of war. The striking similarity with the situation in Kerala today where a property-owning leadership directs unemployed youth to eliminate political opponents is evident. It is rumoured that in return for their murderous services these youth have their families provided for by the party.

Shroud of silence

Gandhi was able to see that for the poor, god appears in the form of bread. In the formal democracy that is India, where the equipping of the poor with capabilities that set them free has not been a priority of the state, it appears that politics appears in the form of food. Despite Kerala’s much-vaunted social indicators, economic inequality here is the highest in India, and the subaltern can perhaps yet be encouraged to kill in return for material gain. Of course, the case of assailants mesmerised into seeing an aesthetic in violence cannot be ruled out. What is uniform, however, is that the killers are foot soldiers of a party which is firmly in the hands of a clerisy that teaches but does not itself do.

Unsurprisingly, the Malayalee nomenklatura has remained silent on the recent killings. The communist intelligentsia have always glorified “necessary violence” while delegating murder to the working class. Condemnation of the use of violence in a democracy does not rest on moral considerations. Actually, no criterion external to democracy itself is required. Violence is to be rejected on the ground that it is contrary to the essence of democracy, which is deliberation through public reasoning. When aimed at eliminating political opponents it eliminates the space for deliberation and disables democracy. In a contest between political parties, most parties represent the people. Therefore, to kill a representative of another party is to set upon a section of the people themselves. Democracy is legitimised by the existence of the demos or the people. Parties that turn against the demos delegitimise themselves.

But surely, supporters of the CPI(M) cannot be singled out for their silence. There is little outrage in Kerala in the face of the visible butchery. In a democracy the demos can hardly escape blame for the violence, for they are expected to discipline the political parties. Kerala’s identity-conscious populace fails to converge on the greater common good but effectively makes common cause on a form of welfarism. Welfarism is a re-casting of democracy as the citizens’ entitlement to unlimited public services without the responsibility to deliberate upon the common good and how to attain it. We should hardly be surprised that in such a society, this February 22 a mentally-challenged Adivasi was dragged out of the forest and beaten to death by a mob. And it seems Kerala’s political class can never be separated from violence. A man present on the occasion, and reportedly clicking selfies with the youth while he was being humiliated, has been linked to the Indian Union Muslim League. It speaks volumes for our democracy that a hungry citizen is killed for stealing rice while politicians facing charges of corruption never leave the stage.

Pulapre Balakrishnan is Professor of Ashoka University and Senior Fellow of IIM Kozhikode

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Critiquing Kerala (21.11.17)

Last month, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath suggested that “the Kerala government should learn how to run hospitals from U.P.” This statement is one of the many attempts to build a hostile narrative around Kerala by the Sangh Parivar. There is, for instance, talk of Kerala’s “killing fields” while referring to killings of BJP/Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh political workers; the State’s “love jihad” and “jihadi terror” factories and their communist supporters.

Last major bastion

Why is this happening? This is because Kerala is one of the “last frontiers” for the Hindu nationalist project. RSS ideologue M.S. Golwalkar once remarked that India faced more internal than external threats, referring to Muslims, Christians and Communists. He said: “In this land Hindus have been the owners, Parsis and Jews the guests, and Muslims and Christians the dacoits.” Kerala has all three in substantial numbers, and is unique in this demographical and ideological mix.

The systematic propaganda about political killings is illustrative of the narrative. From 2000 to 2016, there were 69 political murders in Kannur district — the hotbed of clashes between Communist Party of India (Marxist) and BJP/RSS cadre. Of these, 30 were of CPI(M) workers and 31 of BJP-RSS workers. For Kerala, in 2006-17, the numbers were 50 for CPI(M) and 45 for the BJP-RSS. Yet, it is not asked how the so-called victim, which is electorally insignificant in Kerala, is able to match the “perpetrator”, which is the dominant political group that enjoys state power regularly, in this reprehensible cycle of violence. While killings of selected individuals intermittently, in which both sides are equally culpable, are termed as “anarchy”, and lead to calls for President’s Rule, three riots in BJP-ruled Haryana in three years affecting entire cities and killing nearly 70 people did not elicit the same calls.

Another sleight of hand of the misinformation campaign is to draw a false equivalence between beef lynchings and the killing of minorities/Dalits, and the killing of RSS/BJP workers, which is also portrayed as anti-Hindu. All killings are abhorrent, but innocent civilians being targeted for their caste/religion cannot be clubbed with a protracted and violent political conflict which involves workers of the two ideologies (incidentally, those killed from the CPI(M) are overwhelmingly Hindu).

The central battle for Hindu nationalism is on the terrain of culture. Hence, the relentless targeting of Malayali cultural practices like eating beef, or festivals like Onam. Kerala is the only major State where beef is not only consumed by the vast majority, but also by upper caste Hindus. Similarly, Onam, celebrating the return of Mahabali, the Asura king banished by the Brahmin Vamana, an avatar of Vishnu, is antithetical to the Brahminised religion in Hindutva. Hence, BJP president Amit Shah wished people “Vamana Jayanti” on the eve of Onam.

It is very rare for a Hindu festival to be celebrated by all religions in India. Onam becomes a secular and not Hindu festival. This again disturbs the Hindutva notions of religious homogeneity and exclusivity. Of course, while the mythology of Onam symbolised the non-Brahminical past, in present-day Kerala, it is markedly Savarna in its symbolisms, especially vegetarianism. Nevertheless, a crucial distinction is there between the upper-caste coding of Onam, which still allows some plurality because of its original intent, and the Hindutva majoritarian nationalist project with its fascist tendencies. Further, the upper caste nature of Onam is itself being challenged through non-vegetarian Onam, Dalit appropriations, etc.

Finally, there is development, which becomes another point of Kerala’s ‘othering’. Here, Hindutva is at its weakest. Mr. Adityanath’s statement is not an aberration. Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself made the egregious equation of Kerala with Somalia. While Kerala is no utopia, especially regarding caste equality, it is the only State with “high human development”, while impoverished Somalia, racked by Western imperialism, has very low human development.

Against Kerala, the government propagates Gujarat as the model for development (even if Gujarat’s HDI rank has fallen). While Mr. Modi pits one State against the nation, ironically Kerala was the first to become a “digital State,” attain “total banking”, total primary education, provide electricity to all houses, and be the third State to become open-defecation free — all of which are Mr. Modi’s pet projects. Without societies like Kerala as its “anti-national” other, Hindutva loses its raison d'être.

Nissim Mannathukkaren is Chair, International Development Studies, Dalhousie University, Canada

(All of the above articles have been taken straight from The Hindu. We owe it all to them. This is just an effort to consolidate opinions expressed in The Hindu in a subject-wise manner.)